A Review Paper on the Development and Performance Evaluation of Graphene Oxide Modified Concrete.

Abstract

Concrete is one of the most widely used construction materials because of its high compressive strength, availability and versatility. However, its brittle nature, relatively low tensile and flexural strength, crack formation and permeability-related durability problems remain important limitations. Graphene oxide (GO), a two-dimensional carbon-based nanomaterial containing oxygenated functional groups, has attracted attention as a nano-reinforcing material for cement-based composites. This review examines forty GO-specific studies published between 2013 and 2026, arranged in reverse chronological order, to trace the development of research on GO-modified cementitious materials, with emphasis on the progression from cement paste and mortar studies toward concrete, durability, targeted interfacial transition zone (ITZ) modification and low-carbon cement systems. Published studies indicate that controlled amounts of GO can improve strength and modify hydration and microstructure, while excessive addition or inadequate dispersion can reduce workability and limit performance. Recent studies have also examined sulfate and freeze-thaw exposure, abrasion, impact performance, fly-ash concrete, curing-temperature effects and low-clinker cement systems. The literature shows that GO dosage and dispersion are strongly dependent on the particular cementitious system and mixing conditions. Important research gaps remain in consistent dosage selection, large-scale dispersion, long-term field durability, cost, and validation using controlled concrete mixtures. The present review therefore provides a GO-specific basis for experimental performance evaluation of concrete.